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Download PDF 1.92 MB Primjena WordPress CMS sustava za izradu i objavu web stranica u decentraliziranoj mreži Zeronet Kušen, Deni Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2016 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University North / Sveučilište Sjever Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:122:908311 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-27 Repository / Repozitorij: University North Digital Repository Završni rad br. 476/MM/2016 Primjena WordPress CMS sustava za izradu i objavu web stranica u decentraliziranoj mreži ZeroNet Deni Kušen, 5243/601 Varaždin, svibanj 2016. godine Odjel za Multimediju, oblikovanje i primjenu Završni rad br. 476/MM/2016 Primjena WordPress CMS sustava za izradu i objavu web stranica u decentraliziranoj mreži ZeroNet Student Deni Kušen, 5243/601 Mentor izv. prof. dr. sc. Mario Tomiša Varaždin, svibanj 2016. godine Predgovor Računalna tehnologija snažno se razvija već dugi niz godina, a s njome paralelno i web tehnologije, odnosno modeli pohrane i pretraživanja informacija u okviru globalne računalne mreže koju nazivamo internet. Web je uz e-mail jedna od najpopularnijih usluga interneta. Od svojih početaka 1990. godine do danas, web se postupno transformirao iz statičnog medija u interaktivnu multimedijsku platformu koju nazivamo web 2.0. Socijalizacija, kolaboracija i interakcija ključni su pojmovi trenutno aktualnog modela stvaranja i razmjene informacija u okviru web okruženja. Unazad nekoliko godina, od pojave primjenjivih tehnologija za detaljnije opisivanje web sadržaja poput novog HTML5 jezika koji obiluje prikladnim semantičkim oznakama, postupno se razvija novi model weba, tzv. web 3.0. Uz semantiku, odnosno opisivanje značenja pojedinih elemenata web stranice, značajna je pojava pokreta koji promiče decentralizaciju web usluga, što je započelo pojavom decentraliziranih servisa poput platnog sustava BitCoin digitalne valute. Na temeljima novih spoznaja u području tzv. „peer-to-peer“ prijenosa podataka i kriptografije stvoren je prvi funkcionalni prototip decentraliziranog weba koji se naziva ZeroNet. Velika dostupnost i visoka razina zaštite objavljenih sadržaja te nemogućnost izvršenja klasičnih hakerskih napada na centralni poslužitelj velike su prednosti novog, decentraliziranog modela razmjene podataka u web okruženju. Decentralizacija i semantika tijesno su povezani pojmovi upravo zbog rastućeg trenda umrežavanja niza raznorodnih uređaja, što će u konačnici omogućiti tzv. „internet-of-things“ – mrežu uređaja koji se mogu međusobno smisleno, strojno pretraživati u decentraliziranom okruženju. Sažetak 1969. godine američko Ministarstvo obrane osniva internet pod nazivom ARPANET, mrežu koja je za cilj imala povezati računala diljem države kako bi se država eventualno mogla obraniti od nuklearnih projektila Rusije u doba Hladnog rata.[1] 1991. godine britanski znanstvenik Tim Berners Lee predstavlja World Wide Web (WWW), najpopularniju uslugu interneta. 1992. godine američki kongres donosi odluku da se web smije koristiti u komercijalne svrhe, što značajno ubrzava razvoj web tehnologija i aplikacija sljedećih godina. U periodu od 1995. do 2001. godine aktualan je tzv. „web 1.0“ model koji počiva na jednosmjernoj komunikaciji između webmastera i posjetitelja web mjesta. Propašću mnogih tzv. „dot-com“ tvrtki tijekom 2001. godine uviđa se potreba za novim modelom komunikacije koji bi ponovo oživio web ekonomiju. Postupno se razvija "web 2.0" model koji počiva na socijalizaciji, kolaboraciji i dvosmjernoj komunikaciji, odnosno interakciji između posjetitelja i web mjesta. Nastaju brojne moderne aplikacije poput društvenih mreža, blogova, portala te servisa za razmjenu sadržaja, čime je web postupno postao interaktivna multimedijska platforma. Spomenute promjene odnose se na principe razvoja web aplikacija, no infrastruktura i protokoli razmjene podataka nisu se mijenjali.[2,4] Web stranice pohranjene su na centralnom poslužitelju, a sadržaji se isporučuju korisnicima na zahtjev, po načelima HTTP protokola. Web mjesta u takvom okruženju ranjiva su na hakerske napade (npr. DDOS, XSS) i ograničena su hardverskim resursima poslužitelja, što utječe na brzinu izvršavanja i dostupnost sadržaja. 2008. godine započinje trend decentralizacije internet usluga. Nepoznata osoba ili grupa pod nazivom Satoshi Nakamoto javno objavljuje koncept decentralizirane valute BitCoin, bazirane na inovativnoj decentraliziranoj bazi podataka (BlockChain) te kriptografskim metodama osiguranja mreže. Na temeljima BitTorrent protokola i BitCoin tehnologije razvijen je ZeroNet. To je prva decentralizirana mreža u kojoj se web stranice razmjenjuju isključivo između korisnika, prema tzv. "peer-to-peer" principu. U takvom okruženju ne postoji centralni poslužitelj pa stoga na takvoj mreži nije moguće izvršavati aplikacije izrađene pomoću tzv. "server-side" tehnologija (npr. PHP, MySQL). ZeroNet trenutno podržava samo statične HTML stranice. Obzirom da je krajnji rezultat izvršavanja "server-side" tehnologija uvijek HTML dokument, one se mogu iskoristiti kao generatori HTML stranica za objavu u decentraliziranoj mreži. Ovaj završni rad će prikazati kako se lokalno instalirana WordPress CMS platforma može koristiti kao generator statičnih HTML stranica koje će se potom objaviti u ZeroNet mreži.[2,9,10,11] Ključne riječi: internet, web, WordPress, decentralizacija, peer-to-peer, BitTorrent, Bitcoin, ZeroNet. 2 Popis korištenih kratica Web World Wide Web Jedna od usluga interneta. IP Internet Protocol Mrežni protokol za uspostavu podatkovne komunikacije u računalnoj mreži. CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Međunarodna institucija za nuklearna istraživanja. HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol Metoda prijenosa informacija na webu. HTML HyperText Markup Language Opisni jezik za opisivanje strukture web stranice. DDOS Distributed Denial-Of-Service Vrsta hakerskog napada na centralni poslužitelj. XSS Cross Site Scripting Vrsta hakerskog napada koja počiva na neovlaštenom umetanju JavaScript programskog koda u ranjivu web stranicu. P2P Peer-to-peer Metoda razmjene podataka izravno među korisnicima mreže, bez posredovanja centralnog poslužitelja. PHP Hypertext Preprocessor Programski jezik koji se izvršava na strani poslužitelja. TOR The Onion Router Mreža i pripadajući softverski paket koji omogućuju anonimno pregledavanje web sadržaja. CMS Content Management System Sustav za upravljanje sadržajem web mjesta. XAMPP XAMPP - Cross-Patform, Apache, MariDB, PHP, Pearl Softverski paket za jednostavnu instalaciju HTTP poslužitelja s podrškom za server- side tehnologije PHP, MariaDB i Pearl. 3 Sadržaj 1. Uvod .................................................................................................................................. 5 2. Povijesni razvoj interneta i weba ...................................................................................... 8 2.1. Povijesni razvoj interneta .............................................................................................. 8 2.2. Povijesni razvoj weba .................................................................................................... 9 3. „Peer-to-peer“ tehnologija .............................................................................................. 11 3.1. „BitToreent“ tehnologija ............................................................................................. 12 3.1.1. „Torrent“ datoteka ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2. Tracker server .............................................................................................................................. 13 3.2. „Peer-to-peer“ tehnologija u procesu decentralizacije web sustava ............................ 14 4. Decentralizacija i semantički web................................................................................... 16 4.1. Decentralizacija weba ................................................................................................. 16 4.2. Prilagođenost uređajima .............................................................................................. 17 5. ZeroNet decentralizirana platforma ................................................................................ 18 5.1. Instalacija i sučelje ZeroNet platforme ....................................................................... 19 5.2. Zaštita podataka i privatnost korisnika ........................................................................ 21 5.3. Dijeljenje sadržaja među korisnicima mreže............................................................... 22 6. WordPress CMS sustav ................................................................................................... 23 6.1. WordPress i ZeroNet ................................................................................................... 23 6.2. Implementacija WordPress CMS sustava u decentraliziranu mrežu .......................... 24 7. Praktična realizacija web stranice pomoću WordPress CMS sustava i njezina objava u decentraliziranoj mreži ZeroNet ..................................................................................... 25 7.1. Primjena HTML 5 opisnog jezika za potrebe izrade statične web stranice ................ 26 7.2. Primjena CSS opisnog jezika za potrebe izrade statične web stranice ....................... 27 7.3. Praktična realizacija statične web stranice .................................................................. 30 7.4.
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